Aukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwaukuhlaziya kobuchwepheshe kwesampula yebhayoloji, isibonelo umchamo, izinwele, igazi, umoya, umjuluko, noma uketshezi lomlomo/amathe—ukuze kutholwe ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwezidakamizwa ezishiwo ngumzali noma ama-metabolite azo.Izicelo ezinkulu zokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zihlanganisa ukutholakala kokuba khona kwama-steroid athuthukisa ukusebenza kwezemidlalo, abaqashi kanye nezikhulu ze-parole/probation zihlolela izidakamizwa ezenqatshelwe ngokomthetho (njengei-cocaine, i-methamphetamine, ne-heroin) kanye namaphoyisa ahlolela ubukhona kanye nokugcwala kotshwala (ethanol) egazini okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-BAC (okuqukethwe kotshwala egazini).Ukuhlolwa kwe-BAC kuvame ukwenziwa nge-breathalyzer kuyilapho ukuchama kusetshenziselwa iningi lokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa kwezemidlalo nasemsebenzini.Ezinye izindlela eziningi ezinamazinga ahlukene okunemba, ukuzwela (i-detection threshold/cutoff), kanye nezikhathi zokuthola.
Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa kungase futhi kubhekisele ekuhlolweni okunikeza ukuhlaziya amakhemikhali omningi wesidakamizwa esingekho emthethweni, ngokuvamile okuhloswe ngaso ukusiza ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa ngendlela efanele.[1]
Ukuhlaziywa komchamo kusetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphansi.Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zomchamoingenye yezindlela zokuhlola ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.Ukuhlolwa kwamasosha omzimba okuphindaphindeka nge-enzyme kuwukuhlaziywa komchamo osetshenziswa kakhulu.Kuye kwenziwa izikhalo mayelana namazinga aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangamanga kusetshenziswa lokhu kuhlolwa.[2]
Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zomchamo kuhlola umchamo ukuba khona kwesidakamizwa esingumzali noma ama-metabolites awo.Izinga lomuthi noma ama-metabolite awo alibikezeli ukuthi umuthi uthathwe nini noma ukuthi isiguli siwusebenzise kangakanani.[catation]
Ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zomchamoi-immunoassay esekelwe kumgomo wokubopha ngokuncintisana.Izidakamizwa okungenzeka zibe khona esibonelweni somchamo ziqhudelana nenhlanganisela yazo yezidakamizwa ukuze zibophe amasayithi ku-antibody yazo ethile.Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, isampula yomchamo ihambela phezulu ngesenzo se-capillary.Umuthi, uma ukhona esifanekisweni somchamo ngaphansi kokugxila kwawo esikiwe, ngeke ugcwalise amasayithi okubopha ama-antibody awo athile.I-antibody izobe isisabela nge-conjugate ye-drug-protein futhi ulayini onombala obonakalayo uzovela endaweni yokuhlola yomugqa othile womuthi.[catation needed]
Umbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlolela ikilasi lezidakamizwa, isibonelo, ama-opioid, kuzothola zonke izidakamizwa zalelo klasi.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlola okuningi kwe-opioid ngeke kubone ngokuthembekile i-oxycodone, i-oxymorphone, i-meperidine, noma i-fentanyl.Ngokufanayo, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa eziningi ze-benzodiazepine ngeke kuthole ngokuthembekile i-lorazepam.Kodwa-ke, izikrini zezidakamizwa zomchamo ezihlola umuthi othile, esikhundleni sekilasi lonke, zivame ukutholakala.
Uma umqashi ecela ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa emsebenzini, noma udokotela ecela ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa esigulini, umsebenzi noma isiguli ngokuvamile siyalwa ukuthi siye endaweni yokuqoqa noma ekhaya laso.Isampula lomchamo lidlula 'echungechungeni lokugcinwa' elishiwo ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi aliphazanyiswa noma alivumelekile ngelebhu noma iphutha lesisebenzi.Umchamo wesiguli noma wesisebenzi uqoqwa endaweni eqhelile endebeni evikelekile eklanywe ngokukhethekile, evalwe ngeteyiphu engathinteki, bese uthunyelwa elabhorethri yokuhlola ukuze ihlolelwe izidakamizwa (ngokujwayelekile iphaneli 5 Yokuxhashazwa Kwezidakamizwa Nokuphathwa Kwezinsizakalo Zezempilo Yengqondo).Isinyathelo sokuqala endaweni yokuhlola ukuhlukanisa umchamo ube ama-aliquot amabili.I-aliquot eyodwa iqale ihlolelwe izidakamizwa kusetshenziswa i-analyzer eyenza i-immunoassay njengesikrini sokuqala.Ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho besifanekiso futhi kutholwe izigebengu ezingaba khona, imingcele eyengeziwe ihlolelwa.Abanye bahlola izici zomchamo ojwayelekile, njengokuthi, i-creatinine yomchamo, i-pH, namandla adonsela phansi athile.Ezinye zihloselwe ukubamba izinto ezengezwe kumchamo ukuze kushintshwe umphumela wokuhlolwa, njengokuthi, ama-oxidants (okuhlanganisa i-bleach), i-nitrites, ne-gluteraldehyde.Uma isikrini somchamo sinesimo esihle khona-ke enye i-aliquot yesampula isetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe okutholwe nge-gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS) noma i-chromatography ewuketshezi - indlela yokwenza i-mass spectrometry.Uma kucelwe udokotela noma umqashi, izidakamizwa ezithile zihlolwa ngazodwana;lezi ngokuvamile ziyizidakamizwa ingxenye yesigaba samakhemikhali, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, ezibhekwa njengokwakha imikhuba eminingi noma ukukhathazeka.Isibonelo, i-oxycodone ne-diamorphine ingase ihlolwe, kokubili ama-analgesics alalisayo.Uma ukuhlolwa okunjalo kungaceliwe ngokuqondile, ukuhlolwa okuvamile (esimweni esandulele, ukuhlolwa kwe-opioid) kuzothola izidakamizwa eziningi zekilasi, kodwa umqashi noma udokotela ngeke abe nenzuzo yobunikazi bomuthi. .
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa okuhlobene nomsebenzi idluliselwa ehhovisi lokubuyekezwa kwezokwelapha (MRO) lapho udokotela wezokwelapha ebuyekeza imiphumela.Uma umphumela wesikrini uthi awunayo, i-MRO yazisa umqashi ukuthi umsebenzi akanawo umuthi obonakalayo emchameni, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-24.Nokho, uma umphumela wokuhlolwa we-immunoassay kanye ne-GC-MS ungenawo futhi ubonisa izinga lokuhlushwa lomuthi ongumzali noma i-metabolite ngaphezu komkhawulo omisiwe, i-MRO ithinta isisebenzi ukuze inqume ukuthi sikhona yini isizathu esisemthethweni—njengezokwelapha. ukwelashwa noma incwadi kadokotela.
[1] "Ngichithe impelasonto yami ngihlola izidakamizwa emcimbini".I-Independent.Julayi 25, 2016. Ibuyiselwe ngoMeyi 18, 2017.
[2] Umnyango Wezokuthutha wase-US: I-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT HS 810 704).Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlola Kwendlela Entsha Yenhlolovo Yaseceleni Komgwaqo Yokushayela Okukhubazekile.NgoJanuwari, 2007.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-30-2022